Phthalates, such as butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), have been shown to have estrogenic effects in breast cancer cells, interacting with estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) at micromolar concentrations (101, 102). Here, ESR1 is linked to breast carcinoma.