KL and cancer: Zhang et al. (2019) first identified lactate-mediated protein post-translational modification type lactylation (Kla), which plays an important regulatory role in immune cell and cancer metabolism. Studies have shown that protein lactylation modification is an important way for lactate to function, and is involved in important life activities such as uterine remodeling, tumor proliferation, nervous system regulation, and metabolic regulation (Li et al., 2020; Hagihara et al., 2021; Yang et al., 2022).