CD274 and autoimmune disease: Combining PD-L1 with PD-1 can induce T cell apoptosis, dysfunction, and exhaustion, inhibiting the activation, proliferation, and anti-tumor function of tumor antigen-specific CD8 + T cells, inhibition of PD1 and CTLA4 can stimulate antibody production, thereby leading to antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases (Llovet et al., 2022).