CCL4 and Sepsis: Cytokines known to activate the adaptive immune system were generally higher in sepsis compared to the healthy cohort, including RANTES (p=0.01), G-CSF (p<0.0001), M-CSF (p<0.0001), IL-6 (p<0.0001), IL-8 (p<0.0001), IL-27 (p<0.0001), and MIP-1β (p<0.0001) (32–36).