Consequently, enhancing this pathway may restore the balance in immune responses during sepsis and prevent early hyperinflammation and late-stage immunosuppression (97). A previous study indicated that down-regulating the SPHK1/S1P/S1PR1 pathway can inhibit inflammation and oxidative stress, thereby relieving LPS-induced acute liver injury (25). Here, SPHK1 is linked to Sepsis.