KRAS and non-small cell lung carcinoma: For example, mutations in oncogenes, such as phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) occur in approximately 12% of patients with gastric cancer [67], kirsten rat sarcoma virus (KRAS) is mutated in about 20.4% of non-small cell lung cancer patients [68], while B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase (BRAF) mutations are found in around 10% of colon cancer [69] and 2–4% of non-small cell lung cancer patients [70, 71].