ISG15 and infection: Notably, the upregulated genes in fibroblasts represent typical functions of this cell type and are associated with tissue remodeling and cell movement (S100A4, MMP1, MMP3, CTSK), activation of cells in response to external stimuli like infections or proinflammatory signals in general (IFI6, ISG15, LY6E, CXCL1) [35–41].