To analyze the differential signaling pathways between HCMV infection and non-infection, as well as UL23 expression and non-expression in AGS cells, Venn diagram analysis revealed shared signaling pathway changes between HCMV infection and UL23 overexpression, particularly those involving the PI3K-Akt pathway (Fig. 6A). This evidence concerns the gene AKT1 and cytomegalovirus infection.