Pertaining to microglia/macrophages, lactate and histone lactylation promote the conversion of macrophages to M2-type tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), while TAM enhances the transcription of M2-like genes hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF-2α), ARG1, and VEGF. 20,206,283–285 This polarization-inducing function may be mediated through extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway.286 Crosstalk with other epigenetic regulatory mechanisms may also occur during the lactate-induced M2 polarization. Here, STAT3 is linked to neoplasm.