HCAR1 and neoplasm: Moreover, lactate, through arrestin β-2 (ARRB2) and GPR81, inhibits Toll-like receptor (TLR)-induced activation of the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and the production of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β).180 Thus, if an antimetabolic compound impairs tumor cell growth, it can also inhibit the anti-tumor immune response and anti-inflammasome-mediated inflammation immunomodulation.472,473