Extracellular acidosis impedes one-carbon metabolism crucial for short-lived effector T cells, promoting their differentiation, resilience, and anti-tumor cytotoxicity.318,473 Concerning immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy, it was demonstrated that inhibiting LDHA in melanoma mouse model significantly boosted the efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and neoplasm.