In addition to promoting tumor proliferation, metastasis, and invasion by modulating the expression of epigenetically related genes in tumor cells, Kla is also capable of inducing the expression of TCA cycle-related enzymes.231,232 A global lactylome profiling of cancer and paracarcinoma tissues from patients with hepatitis B virus-related HCC (HCC) successfully identified lactylation modification sites located on both non-histone and histone proteins. This evidence concerns the gene KL and hepatocellular carcinoma.