TRAF3 and glioblastoma: In an orthotopic GBM model, we observed that reconstituted expression of ECH1-K214R in GBM cells with TRAF3 overexpression was more potent in promoting GBM growth compared with WT ECH1 and, accordingly, markedly shortened the survival of GBM0709 GBM tumor–bearing mice (medium survival of 38 days for oeTRAF3 + ECH1-WT mice vs. 25 days for oeTRAF3 + ECH1-K214R mice) (Figure 7, M–O).