As expected, we observed a significant and gradual increase in the activation markers HLA-DR (Figure 2B) and CD38 (Figure 2C) on CAR-T cells from peripheral blood after HIV infection (representative flow gating strategy is shown in Supplemental Figure 1; supplemental material available online with this article; https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI185489DS1). Here, CD38 is linked to HIV infectious disease.