MAPK9 and Alzheimer disease: TLR-4 pathway is connected to increase in SAPK/JNK; the increased level in the hippocampi of 3xTg-AD mice was significantly lowered by all three tested peptides (Fig. 6.F, palm11-PrRP31, p = 0.018, Dpr3-ghrelin, p = 0.025 and liraglutide p = 0.0008), however, no effect on its phosphorylation was observed (Fig. 6.G).