SERPINE1 and diabetes mellitus: Different markers of inflammation have also been used to assess the severity of chronic diseases such as diabetes, and the most commonly used markers are high-sensitive CRP (hs-CRP), TNF-α, CRP, IL-1α, IL-1b, IL-1RA, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), MIF (macrophage migration inhibitory factor), serum amyloid A (SAA) and RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted) (Uusitupa & Schwab 2013, Wang et al. 2013).