A central finding of our research is the critical role of gallbladder mucus, specifically MUC1 and MUC5ac, in regulating CGD development independently of bile CSI.[9, 11] While bile CSI is typically seen as a key driver of gallbladder cholesterol crystallization, our results suggest that changes in MUC1 and MUC5ac expression are equally crucial in promoting gallstone formation. This evidence concerns the gene MUC5AC and gallstones.