FLVCR2 and liver cancer: CCT promotes the activation of Δ133p53β, and silencing CCT impairs the cell accumulation and migration induced by Δ133p53β.[43] In colorectal cancer cells, the loss of p53 has been associated with the upregulation of phosphorylated CCT3.[44] In liver cancer cells, inhibiting CCT3 results in DNA damage, as indicated by abnormal p53 levels in CRL-2329 cells.[27] Recent research has shown that CCT3 mRNA expression is significantly higher in the p53 mutation group compared to the non-mutated p53 group in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD).