IFNG and neoplasm: It has been established that Th1 cytokines such as IFN‐γ, IL‐12, and IL‐18, as well as activated toll‐like receptors (TLRs), such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) [13, 14, 15], polarize macrophages towards the M1 phenotype, thus regulating tumor growth and metastasis and inducing Th1 response.