NFKB1 and airway hyperresponsiveness: In conclusion, the results of this study indicated that COS inhibit the NF-κB pathway, as well as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 production, in airway epithelial cells, reduce IgE levels in the blood, suppress mucus hypersecretion, and improve airway fibrosis, potentially alleviating airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation in allergic asthma.