NFKB1 and inflammation: VD regulates its immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects in the feto-placental region via NF-kB, VD receptors, natural killer cells, macrophages, and T lymphocytes.19,20 In experimental placental inflammation models, the NF-kB pathway is blocked by giving VD.21 The increase in NF-kB levels in the VD deficient group may be due to insufficient stimulation of VD receptors and activation of immunomodulatory cells.