Additionally, Yuqing Huang et al. have demonstrated that β-estradiol imparts notable cytotoxicity to Hela cells, with an IC50 of 18.71 ± 1.57 μM after a 72-h treatment period, by instigating mitochondrial apoptosis in HeLa cervical cancer cells, characterized by the dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential, the activation of caspase enzymes, and a perturbed Bax/Bcl-2 ratio (Huang et al., 2022). Here, BAX is linked to cervical carcinoma.