Furthermore, Li et al. performed spatial transcriptomic analysis of HNSCC specimens with differing immune infiltration and scRNA-seq of five pairs of tumor and adjacent tissues, revealing specific CAF subsets related to CD8+ T-cell infiltration restriction and dysfunction, revealed these CAFs exhibited high expression of CXCLs (CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL12) and MHC-I and galectin-9 (Gal9), and the MHC-IhiGal9+ CAFs population was inversely correlated with abundance of a TCF1+GZMK+ subset of CD8+ T cells. Here, CD8A is linked to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.