TLR4 and colorectal carcinoma: In CRC, F. nucleatum induces resistance to oxaliplatin and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) by upregulating autophagy through TLR4/MYD88-dependent signals and preventing apoptosis via the upregulation of ANO1/BIRC3 (Yu et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2019).