ACVR1 and ovarian cancer: This activation signal was linked to the proliferation of ovarian cancer cells through this ACVR1-SMAD signaling pathway.45 In prostate cancer, ACVR1 was demonstrated to phosphorylate endothelial factors, facilitating prostate cancer cell metastasis.46 Moreover, ACVR1 has been implicated in promoting carcinogenesis in endometrial cancer, multiple myeloma, leukemia, and various other malignancies.47–49 However, its involvement in tumors associated with chronic inflammatory infections remains unexplored.