Interestingly, as compared to those with pancreatic benign diseases (n = 15), patients bearing pancreatic cancer without (n = 18) or with weight decline (> 1.5% per month) (n = 21) within three months prior to surgery potently exhibited higher serum glucagon concentration (Fig. 6a and Supplementary Table S3). Here, GCG is linked to familial pancreatic carcinoma.