Larger tumor size was associated with elevated levels of TNF-α (r = 0.290, P = 0.009), TNF-R2 (r = 0.318, P = 0.022), IL-1α (r = 0.309, P = 0.026), IFN-α (r = 0.349, P = 0.007), MIP-1β (r = 0.306, P = 0.031), and IL-21 (r = 0.295, P = 0.032) in VS-CM (Fig. 4D). Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.