CXCL8 and neoplasm: In addition to creating a pro-inflammatory microenvironment through secreting IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), F. nucleatum also amplified immunosuppressive cells to decrease anti-tumor immunity, such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), disrupting the intestinal epithelial barrier and further exacerbating inflammation and tumor progression [105].