MSA has substantially higher region-dependant amounts of membrane-associated α-Syn in SDS-soluble fractions than PD (+ 356% to 6830% for MSA vs − 60% to + 618% for PD) [62] and therefore increases the available pool of seed-competent α-Syn from MSA tissue relative to less aggressive homogenisation protocols [23]. This evidence concerns the gene TPO and multiple system atrophy.