STAT3 and cancer: In addition, TFF3 enhances the activation of HER1-4 [18], c-MET [18], IGFR1 [18], and c-SRC [18, 19], and increases the expression of multiple WNT ligands [13], thereby promoting downstream signaling pathways including p44/42 MAPK [9], NF-κB [27], PI3K/AKT [28, 29] STAT3 [15, 16], and WNT [13] to promote cancer cell survival, proliferation, a cancer stem cell-like (CSC-like) phenotype, invasion, migration and metastasis [7, 30].