To investigate whether T-bet+ B cells, as well as age-associated B cells/ABCs (CD19 + CD21-CD11c + T-bet+) and double-negative B cells/DN (CD19 + IgD-CD27- CXCR5-T-bet+), serve as prognostic and/or therapeutic tools for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in humans. This evidence concerns the gene CXCR5 and systemic lupus erythematosus.