Consistent with this ICL activity, pks+ Escherichia coli infection promotes the recruitment of Fanconi anemia (FA) proteins to phosphorylated H2AX (γH2AX) sites (7), the formation of double-strand breaks (1), the activation of non-homologous end-joining DNA repair pathway (8), and the induction of autophagy that promotes tumor formation (9). The gene discussed is ARAF; the disease is escherichia coli infection.