TGFB1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Despite various growth factors exhibiting essential roles in the regulation of normal bone repair (30–32), T2DM induces an imbalance in the expression and signalling of many growth factors, including TGF-β1, BMPs, VEGF, fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), which disrupts their bioavailability and cell signalling mechanisms, contributing to dysregulated angiogenesis and bone healing overall.