TGFB1 and pemphigus foliaceus: Asiaticoside (ASI) is an important active ingredient of C. asiatica that inhibits TGF-β1-induced MMT and reactive oxygen species via Nrf2 activation, thus protecting the peritoneal membrane and preventing PF (Zhao et al., 2020); ASI regulate the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway to inhibit PMCs MMT and alleviate PF (Sun et al., 2023).