TGFB1 and neoplasm: Chromosomal gains at 6p21, containing VEGFA, lead to overexpression of immunosuppressive cytokines.522,523 STAT3 activation leads to the production of cytokines like TGF-β, interleukin-17 (IL-17), and VEGF.524 Additionally, STAT3 activation can inhibit the immune response orchestrated by T helper type 1 cells (Th1) and further contribute to ICI resistance.525 These effects collectively promote an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.