CASP3 and neoplasm: These observations were further confirmed by a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick‐end‐labelling (TUNEL) assay and cleaved caspase‐3 detection, which showed much higher levels of TUNEL staining and cleaved caspase 3 levels in tumour tissues of the RNF31 knockdown and IPO13 knockdown groups, compared with those in the shVector plus PTX group (Figure 5F,G).