SNCA and Parkinson disease: α-Synuclein has recently been implicated in mechanisms regulating mitochondrial quality control and dynamics.59 Moreover, α-synuclein accumulation and calcium deregulation were demonstrated to be early and persistent pathological phenotypes observed in patient-specific PD neurons carrying SNCA mutation.34 In this study, PD-R272Q dopaminergic neurons showed individual-specific monomeric and oligomeric α-synuclein upregulation.