Elevated plasma GFAP levels have been associated with multiple neuropathologic findings (eg, astrocytosis, neuroinflammation, neurofibrillary tangles39) and with cognitive decline (both related and not related to AD) across multiple studies.40 However, few studies have examined GFAP as a biomarker of cognitive decline among individuals with diabetes. The gene discussed is GFAP; the disease is Alzheimer disease.