For example, the results of multicenter California-IBD cohort study reported by Singh S et al. suggested that Ustekinumab was associated with a lower risk of SIs in CD patients compared with TNF antagonists and Vedolizumab, but the risk of SIs in maintenance therapy with Ustekinumab, Vedolizumab and three original TNF antagonists did not significantly different in our analysis (Singh et al., 2023). Here, TNF is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.