CD4 and neoplasm: TME includes peripheral immune cells such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) (29), natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages (30), neutrophils, CD4+ helper T cells (Th), CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) (31), and regulatory T cells (Tregs), which influence tumor progression, recurrence, and resistance by modulating inflammatory responses (32).