(Azimudin et al., 2024) (Table 2) suggested a potential role of TNF-α in OSCC, especially in diabetic patients, by suggesting that the mean level of TNF-α in saliva of diabetic (DM) patients and OSCC patients was significantly higher compared to that of the healthy population and OSCC patients without diabetes mellitus (Figure 2). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and diabetes mellitus.