PPARA and neoplasm: Specifically, compared with WT animals, A10-PPARα mice have more macrophages within the tumor (per mm3 of tumor) (Fig. 4D), and these intratumor (IT) macrophages express increased levels of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-12/IL-23p40, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) (Fig. 4E).