Grounded in seminal findings from a recent study, which underscored the pivotal roles of fibroblast activation protein alpha (FAP)+ alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA)+ cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) and MYH11+αSMA+ CAF in NSCLC microenvironment, and considering the significant enrichment of ACTA2, FAP, and MYH11 in non-responders to ICIs from previous spatial transcriptomic analysis (Table S4), we utilized a robust 5-color mIF panel.19 Here, ACTA1 is linked to cancer.