Associated with both the induction (81–85) as well as exacerbation (86) of various forms of pemphigus. Suggested to act in pemphigus by increasing the production of multiple cytokines: IFN-⍺, TNF-⍺, IL-1, IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 (81, 87).Many of the aforementioned cytokines overlap with those shown to be elevated in the sera of patients with pemphigus.Additionally, therapeutic exposure to IFN-⍺ has been reported to trigger pemphigus (88, 89) as well as other cutaneous diseases (90). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and pemphigus.