TNF and neoplasm: Th17 cells are a veritable cytokine factory, producing a range of cytokines and chemokines, including IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, TNF-α, and CCL20, which modulate the behavior of fibroblasts, endothelial cells, epithelial cells, macrophages, and tumor cells, thereby sculpting the TME (17).