APP and Alzheimer disease: The most famous cause of AD pathogenesis is the Aβ cascade hypothesis (Calabrò et al., 2021, Jellinger et al., 2008, Ewers et al., 2010), according to which, the primary onset of AD is caused by aberrant processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) or presenilin (PS1 or PS2), leading to the formation of insoluble Aβ (Hardy and Allsop, 1991, Liu et al., 2019).