For instance, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by gut bacteria have been linked to promoting hepatic de novo lipogenesis and glucose production, exacerbating the development of MASLD and ALD in mouse models.367,368 In contrast, acetate, another type of SCFA, could block the IL-6/JAK1/STAT3 signaling pathway via binding to hepatocyte-derived GPR43, and reverse the development of MASLD-associated HCC.369 This suggests the complex functions of SCFA components on liver injury. Here, FFAR2 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.