TGFB1 and chronic hepatitis C virus infection: Excessive TGF-β expression is documented in both acute and chronic liver diseases across various cell types.305 In patients with diseases such as AIH and chronic hepatitis C, increased serum and hepatic levels of TGF-β are observed, correlating with disease progression.306,307 Transcriptome analysis from MASLD model reveal macrophages, LSECs, activated HSCs, and hepatocytes as sources of TGF-β production.308 Notably, macrophages are identified as the predominant cellular origin of TGF-β in the injured liver.309