This central eukaryotic energy sensor facilitates the maintenance of physiological cellular processes.226 Upon exposure to excess energy, liver kinase B1 (LKB-1) and Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein kinase kinase β (CAMKK-β), phosphorylate the Thr172 residue on the AMPK α subunit.227 Then AMPK phosphorylates and stimulates multiple downstream substrates to regulate lipid and glucose metabolism, as well as mitochondrial function.228 Herein, we propose the primary mechanisms by which AMPK affects liver injury, especially in MASLD and ALD (Fig. 3). The gene discussed is STK11; the disease is metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.