In addition to ISGs, numerous mediators involved in liver inflammation and fibrosis are also the target of JAK/STAT signaling.287 The activation of JAK/STAT signaling in hepatocytes mediates the production of IL-6, CXCL-10, and iNOS, which promotes hepatocyte apoptosis, inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrogenesis in a mouse model of MASLD.288,289 In summary, JAK/STAT signaling has dual roles in liver diseases: stimulating innate and adaptive immunity while governing virus elimination within distinct disease contexts. Here, IL6 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.