TNF and sarcoidosis: In the BAL fluid of patients with sarcoidosis, an upregulation is observed in inflammatory cytokines, specifically TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-12, and Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1α (MIP-1α), alongside the chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10.These cytokines and chemokines are closely linked to the elevation of effector Th1 cells within the lungs affected by inflammation [119, 120].