Although the mechanism of neuroprotection is unclear, upregulated PGI in tumour cells can act as a ligand of the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase hrd-like protein 1 (HRDL-1)/autocrine motility factor receptor (AMFR) in the AMF pathway, mitigating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and cellular apoptosis [371]. This evidence concerns the gene AMFR and neoplasm.