TNF and infection: Utilising acute Aspergillus fumigatus infection models in the context of CF, Chaudry et al [51] have shown increased cell influx and inflammatory cytokine production which we corroborate and expand on here showing that levels of cytokines such as IL-6, CXCL1 and MCP-1 are significantly increased early in infection in CF while IL-1β, TNFα and MIP-2 are significantly increased late in infection in the context of CF.