Finally, in this study we show defective fungal killing and increased activation levels of NFκB and NFAT but the exact activation pathway has not been elucidated, therefore investigation into the expression and activation of the upstream pathways and fungal specific receptors, such as dectin-1, toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, or TLR9 in CF should be investigated in the context of A. fumigatus infection. Here, TLR9 is linked to cystic fibrosis.