The increasing trend of COX-2 expression, although not of statistical significance, may be of interest considering that it is a marker of testicular tumour promotion, progression, and metastasis (Matsuyama and Yoshimura, 2009; Petricca et al., 2023), and a positive correlation between IL-1β levels and COX-2 expression has been described in the testes of infertile patients (Matzkin et al., 2010; Guazzone et al., 2009). Here, IL1B is linked to Infertility.