PAPPA2 and Hip dysplasia: Additionally, interleukin 6, homeobox genes (HOXD9 and HOXB9), pregnancy-associated plasma protein A2 (PAPPA2), transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), T-box transcription factor (TBX4), ubiquinol-cytochrome C reductase complex chaperone (UQCC), ribosome biogenesis factor (BMS1), and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) have also been linked to the development of DDH (Zamborsky et al., 2019).