In addition, some non-coding RNAs, such as Bcl-2, Ago, MafA, Pdx1, MTPN, and caspase-3, etc., also play an important role in β-cell apoptosis in T2DM patients by regulating the expression of key β-cell factors (You et al., 2022). This evidence concerns the gene PDX1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.